Glaciology is driven by two fundamental goals: to understand how ice sheets will evolve in a warming climate and contribute to future sea-level rise, and to understand how ice sheets behaved in the past, providing insight into Earth’s possible climate states. Both goals require observing how ice flows and deforms??"ideally ...
The El Niño??"Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a major source of interannual climate variability, shaping rainfall, drought, and weather extremes. Yet even state-of-the-art climate models show substantial biases in reproducing ENSO amplitude, spectral behavior, and the frequency of extreme events. Pinpointing which processes are misrepresented is difficult in comprehensive models because ...
