Grid planning has never been harder - or more consequential. Variable renewables, distributed resources, vehicle electrification, data centers, and industrial decarbonization are compounding in real time, turning the grid into a dynamic, multi-sector nervous system for the entire economy. Yet the tools guiding these decisions remain proprietary black boxes: artifacts ...
The various materials that we experience in everyday life are built from molecules. In turn, molecules are built from atoms. Atoms are built from electrons and nuclei. Nuclei are built from protons and neutrons, which were once considered “elementary particles”. Bob Hofstadter won his Nobel Prize for dispelling this notion by showing that protons ...
In recent years, experiments in high-energy accelerators have discovered a large number of unusual, heavy “cousins” of the proton - i.e., strongly interacting particles collectively known as hadrons. Ordinary hadrons are either baryons, which contain three quarks, or mesons, which contain one quark and one antiquark. The new, unusual hadrons ...
